This corresponds to the daily exfoliation of 10 8 to 10 10 cells.
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Approximately one-sixth of intestinal epithelial cells are shed (exfoliated) daily. The human intestine is lined by epithelial cells that process nutrients and provide the first line of defense against food antigens and pathogens. Accordingly, the early neonatal period is a critical phase for both intestinal digestive development as well as colonization by the commensal microbiota. At birth, the intestinal tract of the human infant is functionally immature and sterile. Although many studies have shown an effect of diet on the infant microbiota, little is known of the genome and transcriptome-level cross-talk between the developing infant gut and the colonizing microbiota. Molecular-level studies, enabled by metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic analytical techniques, are reshaping our understanding of how the gut microbiome modulates gastrointestinal morphological, immune development, gene expression, and the biology of the host in general. For example, studies in germ-free piglets clearly illustrate altered intestinal growth, digestive enzyme activity and development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. The gut microbiota has profound effects on the health and wellness of the host. In this way, PCA may be used as a screening device to identify promising gene triples for CCA analysis. While the latent structure identified by PCA need not reflect a relationship between the virulence characteristics and the host genes, it may, in which case the immunity and defense genes are slightly more promising as a set with respect to future canonical correlation analysis (CCA) aimed at uncovering simple and strong relationships between the metagenomic and host transcriptome data. When combined with the virulence characteristics, the immunity and defense genes (middle panel) generally exhibit a simpler latent structure compared to the other gene sets (top and bottom panels), as judged by the slight northeast shift in the point cloud. The analyses provide a characterization of a lower dimensional structure underlying the data. The plots show the proportion of variation explained by the first and second principal components versus the variation explained by just the second principal component. Middle panel: immunity and defense genes. Top panel: host intestinal biology genes.
![mem patch autocad 2012 error mem patch autocad 2012 error](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj4xJ4oiqe0/U0i_LrMptaI/AAAAAAAAAxM/nVRWZ6eLyDk/s1600/12.jpg)
A principal components analysis (PCA) of the virulence characteristics combined with all host gene triples.